People may be affected by many different types of blood conditions and blood cancers. Common blood disorders include anemia, Clotting and bleeding disorders such as hemophilia blood clots, and blood cancers such as leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma.Clinical research emphasize the paradox that both anemia and transfusion are associated with organ injury and increased morbidity and mortality across a wide span of disease states and surgical interventions. Among the other blood disorders.Leukemia is the most common form of cancer in children, affecting about 3,000 children each year in the United States, accounting for about 30 percent of childhood cancers.

Functional and translational genomic sequencing will be used to investigatemechanisms of globin gene regulation and proteomics to study the red bloodcell membrane function in health and disease. A blood and marrow transplant replaces a person's abnormal stem cells with healthy ones from another person (a donor). This procedure allows the recipient to get new stem cellsthat work properly.

The goal of the Cardiac Translational Research is to accelerate translation of promising new fundamental research discoveries for the treatment of heart failure and arrhythmias through well-designed clinical trials that demonstrate efficacy and safety. Vascular medicine encompasses many different disease states. As the field of vascular medicine evolves, the scope of diseases being treated changes. Cardiac remodeling refers to the changes in size,shape, structure and physiology of the heart after injury to the myocardium. The injury is typically due to acute myocardial infarction. To characterize the increase in lipoprotein translation by hypothyroidism, adipocytes were prepared from control and hypothyroid rats. Whereas LPL synthesis was higher in hypothyroid adipocytes, with no change in mRNA levels, there was no increase in hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) synthesis.

To determine whether a transacting translation regulatory factor was present, a cytoplasmic fraction was prepared from control and hypothyroid adipocytes, and added to an in vitro translation system containing the hLPL mRNA. Clinical outcomes with non-biologic therapy, given early in the course of the disease, are as good as with biologic therapies. Combinations of treatments are usually required to achieve rapid and sustained remission.

As Project moves from the research phase into the development, true technology transfer needs to take place. Therapeutic angiogenesis is an experimental area of treatment of ischemia, the condition which associated with decrease in blood supply to certain body organs. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common solid cancer and the third most frequent cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide Molecular targeted therapies are used for treating HCC.

Recent advances of biological drugs have broadened the scope of therapeutic targets for a variety of human diseases. This holds true for dozens of RNA-based therapeutics currently under clinical investigation for diseases ranging from genetic disorders to HIV infection to various cancers. Proteomics has the ability to interrogate a variety of bio specimens for their protein contents and accurately measure the concentrations of these proteins. Deciphering DNA sequences is essential for virtually all branches of biological research.

Animal and Translational Models for CNS Drug Discovery combines the experience of academic, clinical and pharmaceutical neuroscientists in a unique collaborative approach to provide a greater understanding of the relevance of animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders and their role as translational tools for the discovery of CNS drugs being developed for the treatment of these disorders. Translation models describe the mathematical relationship between two or more languages. We call them models of translational equivalence because the main thing that they aim to predict is whether expressions in different languages have equivalent meanings.

The goal of translational research is to advance basic research and new technology toward clinical utility. Molecular diagnostics focuses primarily on nucleic acids. Rapid advances in molecular diagnostics both enable basic research and result in clinical diagnostic tests. The aim of translational research is to take the outcomes and innovations developed within the research context into clinical practice. A prototype is an early sample, model, or release of a product built to test a concept or process or to act as a thing to be replicated or learned from. Prototyping is the design verification phase of Product Development -- used to demonstrate or prove aspects of a design. Prototyping is simply taking the design from the virtual, imaginary realm into the physical world.

Epidemiology is the science that studies the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. The Clinical Epidemiology area of interest is the largest of the 12 areas of interest in the department of epidemiology. The Institute of Circulatory and Respiratory Health supports research into causes, mechanisms, prevention, screening, diagnosis, treatment, support systems, and palliation for a wide range of conditions associated with the heart, lung, brain (stroke), blood, blood vessels, critical care and sleep. Emergency medicine is a medical specialty involving care for adult and pediatric patients with acute illnesses or injuries that require immediate medical attention.

The advent of ever more sophisticated molecular manipulation techniques has made it clear that cellular systems are far more complex and dynamic than previously thought. At the same time, experimental techniques are providing an almost overwhelming amount of new data. The computational modeling is increasingly apparent that linking molecular and cellular structure to function will require the use of new computational tools. Many pregnancies have led to maternal mortality and maternal morbidity Maternal-fetal medicine (MFM) is the branch of obstetrics that focuses on the medical and surgical management of high-risk pregnancies.

Pre-clinical studies using animal models play a very important role in the evaluation of efficacy and safety of new medical diagnostic devices before their use in human clinical studies. It provides an overview of the emerging role, results of pre-clinical studies and development, and evaluation of animal models for percutaneous cardiovascular intervention technologies for patients with symptomatic cardiovascular disease such as cardiac arrest or coronary heart disease. One prominent explanation is flawed preclinical research, in which the use and outcome of animal models is pivotal to bridge the translational gap to the clinic. Therefore, the selection of a validated and predictive animal model is essential to address the clinical question. In this review, the current challenges and limitations of animal models are discussed, with a focus on the fit-for-purpose validation.

Animal models are essential for translation of drug findings from bench to bedside. Hence, critical evaluation of the face and predictive validity of these models is important. Reversely, clinical bedside findings that were not predicted by animal testing should be back translated and used to refine the animal models. The translation of findings from bench to clinically relevant therapies is very complex. In fact, despite a full preclinical and clinical trial package, the large majority of drugs with initial phases based on translational-laboratory-based discoveries actually fail to complete the development process. A lack of efficacy, side-effects, inappropriate doses, and pharmacokinetics are just a few of the various reasons for this failure.

Cancer remains the number two cause of disease-related mortality in the United States and worldwide. The molecular analysis of tumors has revealed significant variation in the pathways that drive tumor growth and metastasis. Translational Oncology is concerned with the diagnosis of cancer (pathology), Therapy (e.g. surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and other modalities), Follow-up of cancer patients after successful treatment, Palliative care of patients with terminal malignancies. Oncology depends on diagnostic tools like biopsy or removal of bits of the tumor tissue and examining it under the microscope. Other diagnostic tools include endoscopy for the gastrointestinal tract, imaging studies like X-rays, CT scanning, MRI scanning, ultrasound and other radiological techniques, Scintigraphy, Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography, Positron emission tomography and nuclear medicine techniques etc.

Cancer is a genetic disease caused by the progressive accumulation of mutations in critical genes that control cell growth and cell differentiation. Completion of the Human Genome Project promises to revolutionize the practice of Medicine, especially genetic oncology care. The tremendous gains in the knowledge of the structure and function of human genes will surely impact the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of cancer. Translational research also describes the process of moving knowledge obtained from clinical trials into a wider community or practice setting.

Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system). It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features. Many components of the immune system are actually cellular in nature and not associated with any specific organ but rather are embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body. Immunotherapy is a new class of cancer treatment that works to harness the innate powers of the immune system to fight cancer. Because of the immune system's unique properties, these therapies may hold greater potential than current treatment approaches to fight cancer more powerfully, to offer longer-term protection against the disease, to come with fewer side effects, and to benefit more patients with more cancer types.

Scientists believe that for most people, Alzheimer's disease results from a combination of genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors that affect the brain over time. In Parkinson’s disease, cells that produce dopamine start to die. Dopamine is a chemical that helps you move normally. There is no known direct cause of Parkinson’s. One theory is that it may be hereditary. Other theories say exposure to pesticides and living in rural communities may cause it. he Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has infected approximately 1.5 million people in the United States. Type 1 translation research (basic research, methods development, and efficacy trials) has yielded multiple efficacious behavioral HIV prevention programs. Type 2 translation research (dissemination and effectiveness studies) has been less prevalent or successful.

Translational Medicine seeks to translate biological and molecular knowledge of disease and how drugs work into innovative development strategies that reduce the cost and increase the speed of delivering new medicines to the patients. Whole genome sequencing should not be confused with DNA profiling, which only determines the likelihood that genetic material came from a particular individual or group, and does not contain additional information on genetic relationships, origin or susceptibility to specific diseases.

Biomedical sciences is a broad field that encompasses a number of disciplines. The branch of biomedical sciences that involves the use of genetic information to cure a disease is called gene therapy. Cytogenetic and Cheminformatics along with gene therapy are the emerging areas in the biomedical research. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the world's largest biomedical research agency, with a 75-year record of responding to the nation's key medical challenges. Today, medical science is entering a revolutionary period marked by a shift in focus from acute to chronic diseases, rapidly escalating health care costs, a torrent of biological data generated by the sequencing of the human genome, and the development of advanced high-throughput technologies that allow for the study of vast molecular networks in health and disease.